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The lymphatic system LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: A child falls and scrapes her knee. Is this likely to be a life-threatening injury? Probably not, even though the breaks in the skin have permitted the entry of thousands or even millions of bacteria. Those bacteria, however, will be quickly destroyed by the cells and organs of the lymphatic system. Although the lymphatic system may be considered part of the circulatory system, we will consider it separately because its functions are so different from those of the heart and blood vessels. Keep in mind, however, that all of these functions are interdependent. Functions of the lymphatic system 1. The lymphatic system is responsible for returning tissue fluid to the blood 2. It is also responsible for protecting the body against foreign material. Parts of the lymphatic system The parts of the lymphatic system are the lymph, the system of lymph vessels, and lymphatic tissue, which includes lymph nodes and nodules, the spleen, and the thymus gland. The...

 A THERMOMETER VITAL SIGNS Vital signs are observations that provide guide to the patient condition and progress. They Consist of temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure recorded at regular intervals or as and when requested. Alteration in body function often are related to the body’s temperature, pulse and respiration. The mechanism governing the pulse rate, respiration rate and blood pressure are very sensitive to changes from the normal that is why they are referred to as vital signs or cardinal symptoms. When it is noted that the vital signs are deviated from the normal it automatically means that the patient needs constant observation. TEMPERATURE Temperature: is the measure of degree of hotness or coldness of substance or body. The instrument used for measurement is called thermometer which works on the principle that substances expand on heating and contract on cooling. The clinical thermometer is a glass instrument used to measure body temperature. It has two par...

SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT:  Specimen collection and handling are among the most critical considerations in patient care because any results the laboratory generates are directly dependent on the quality of the specimen and its condition on arrival in the laboratory. Specimens submitted for microbiological testing require proper handling from the time of collection through all stages of transport, storage, and processing. Issues common to all clinical specimens submitted for microbiological testing include not only proper identification but also collection techniques that maximize recovery of microbial pathogens contamination. For specimens such as sputum and urine, the relative proportions of microorganisms present in vivo must be preserved, or culture results may be misleading. If specimens are handled properly, culture results are easier to interpret, patient care is improved, and costs are potentially decreased. Although most guidelines for specimen handling remain uncha...